{"id":3432,"date":"2022-12-09T14:51:20","date_gmt":"2022-12-09T20:51:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/?page_id=3432"},"modified":"2024-02-19T12:26:59","modified_gmt":"2024-02-19T18:26:59","slug":"aristotles-intellectual-virtues","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/aristotles-intellectual-virtues\/","title":{"rendered":"Aristotle’s Intellectual Virtues"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Aristotle (384-382 BC), the Greek philosopher and polymath, may be most famous in contemporary thought for his discussions of moral virtue or excellence (see Excellence Comes by Habit: Aristotle on Moral Virtue<\/a>). Of course, he also wrote extensively in almost every major subject area, from natural science to politics and economics, literary criticism and rhetoric. He can even be credited with inventing the categories and methods of logical thinking in his works on logic, which are often grouped together as the Organon<\/em>, meaning “instrument” or “tool.” Aristotle has had a profound influence on the history of Western thought. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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One overlooked area of Aristotle’s contribution to educational thought is his conception of five intellectual virtues.<\/strong> While Aristotle claims that moral virtue “comes by habit,” intellectual virtue “owes its birth and growth to teaching (for which reason it requires experience and time)” (Nicomachean Ethics<\/a><\/em> 2:1 or 1103a15-b25; trans. W. D. Ross). In this way, he explicitly connected the intellectual virtues to the work of education.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Aristotle’s five intellectual virtues represent a different way of understanding the excellence of the mind. Contemporary discussions of intellectual virtues often feature qualities like humility and courage, virtues that would have fit squarely within the moral excellence category for Aristotle. This is because humility and courage are concerned primarily with a person’s habits and emotional state, rather than the intellect per se. For Aristotle there are five and only five intellectual virtues, because they are “the states by virtue of which the soul possesses truth by way of affirmation or denial” (Nicomachean Ethics<\/em>, 6:3 or 1139b15ff.). <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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These five intellectual virtues<\/strong> are: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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  1. Artistry<\/strong> or craftsmanship<\/strong> (Greek: techne<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  2. Prudence<\/strong> or practical wisdom<\/strong> (phronesis<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  3. Intuition<\/strong> or understanding<\/strong> (nous<\/em>)<\/li>\n\n\n\n
  4. Scientific knowledge<\/strong> (episteme<\/em>) <\/li>\n\n\n\n
  5. Philosophic wisdom<\/strong> (sophia<\/em>)<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

    Explanations of the Intellectual Virtues<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    The first intellectual virtue, artistry<\/strong>, concerns “Man as Maker” engaging in “productive thinking,” in the words of Mortimer Adler (Aristotle for Everybody<\/em><\/a>, pp. 17-18). The arts, then, in this tradition, are traditions of craftsmanship<\/a> that a student must be apprenticed into. For Aristotle, artistry is defined as “a state of capacity to make [something], involving a true course of reasoning” (Nicomachean Ethics Book VI<\/a>, ch. 4). A person can develop artistry in several different categories, whether it be the performance of an athlete or a musician, a product like a chair, a sword or a painting, or an artistic communication, like a poem, speech, calculation or mathematical proof. These final examples illustrate the historical vision of the liberal arts<\/a> as forms of artistry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Buy the book<\/a>!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    The second intellectual virtue, prudence<\/strong>, concerns “Man as Doer” engaging in “practical thinking” (see Adler, Aristotle for Everybody<\/em>, pp. 17-18). Human beings not only make choices, they also reason about their choices, and communicate their rationale for planning and deciding on a course of action to others. This type of practical wisdom is often overlooked in modern educational programs, but it determines in large measure whether a person will live a good life himself and be able to lead others in his household or community in a positive direction. For Aristotle, the ability to deliberate well intellectually is connected to the habituated application of all the moral virtues. In this way the head and the heart are intertwined in Aristotle’s educational ideal. Adopting prudence as a major goal of education would help to avoid the typical outcome of modern education according to C.S. Lewis: “men without chests” (see The Abolition of Man<\/em>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

    The third through fifth intellectual virtues, intuition<\/strong>, scientific knowledge<\/strong>, and philosophic wisdom<\/strong>, concern “Man as Knower” engaging in “speculative” or “theoretical thinking” (see Adler, Aristotle for Everybody<\/em>, pp. 17-18). Arguably the Enlightenment and Modernism elevated scientific knowledge, or knowledge that was provable, to the highest value in contemporary culture. This move has had the unfortunate effect of sidelining the important place of first principles and particulars for proper human reasoning. In Aristotle’s thought, however, nous<\/em><\/strong> or a person’s ability to perceive correctly the right starting points for thought by a kind of intellectual sight or intuitive leap was absolutely critical for the value of a demonstration or proof. A person can reason correctly from the wrong premises, but the result is still dead wrong. Therefore, a major part of early education involves stocking students’ memory with a vibrant encounter with reality, whether it be the created order itself or the sources of wisdom in human traditions. Of course, for Christians the scriptures will provide the primary lens through which all of reality will ultimately make sense. Philosophic wisdom<\/strong> is attained when a person combines a mastery of intuition and scientific knowledge in the highest or most godlike matters. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Download this Chart of Verbs<\/a>!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

    Resources on the Intellectual Virtues<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

    In a series of articles on Educational Renaissance, Jason Barney proposed replacing Bloom’s taxonomy<\/a> with Aristotle’s intellectual virtues as the proper goals of education: <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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    Buy the book<\/a>!<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n
      \n
    1. Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy and the Purpose of Education<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    2. Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy and the Importance of Objectives: 3 Blessings of Bloom\u2019s<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    3. Breaking Down the Bad of Bloom\u2019s: The False Objectivity of Education as a Modern Social Science<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    4. When Bloom\u2019s Gets Ugly: Cutting the Heart Out of Education<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    5. What Bloom\u2019s Left Out: A Comparison with Aristotle\u2019s Intellectual Virtues<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
    6. Aristotle’s Virtue Theory and a Christian Purpose of Education<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

      A series on “Apprenticeship in the Arts” explores and applies Aristotle’s intellectual virtue of artistry<\/strong> or craftsmanship<\/strong> (Greek: techne<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

        \n
      1. Moral Virtue and the Intellectual Virtue of Artistry or Craftsmanship<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      2. Practicing in the Dark or the Day: Well-worn Paths or Bushwalking, Artistry and Moral Virtue Continued<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      3. Apprenticeship in the Arts, Part 1: Traditions and Divisions<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      4. Apprenticeship in the Arts, Part 2: A Pedagogy of Craft<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      5. Apprenticeship in the Arts, Part 3: Crafting Lessons in Artistry<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      6. Apprenticeship in the Arts, Part 4: Artistry, the Academy and the Working World<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      7. Apprenticeship in the Arts, Part 5: Structuring the Academy for Christian Artistry<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
      8. Apprenticeship in the Arts, Part 6: The Transcendence and Limitations of Artistry<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

        A series entitled “Counsels of the Wise” explores and applies prudence<\/strong> or practical wisdom (Greek: phronesis<\/em>):<\/p>\n\n\n\n

          \n
        1. Counsels of the Wise, Part 1: Foundations of Christian Prudence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        2. Counsels of the Wise, Part 2: Why Reviving Moral Philosophy Is Not Enough<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        3. Counsels of the Wise, Part 3: The Practical Nature of Prudence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        4. Counsels of the Wise, Part 4: Preliminary Instruction in Prudence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        5. Counsels of the Wise, Part 5: Principles and Practice, Examples and Discipline<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        6. Counsels of the Wise, Part 6: A Pedagogy of Prudence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        7. Counsels of the Wise, Part 7: Leadership, Liberal Arts, and Prudence<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        8. Counsels of the Wise, Part 8: Aiming at the Intermediate or Aristotle’s Moral Virtues<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n
        9. Counsels of the Wise, Part 9: The Limits and Transcendence of Prudence<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n

          More<\/strong> resources on<\/strong> Aristotle’s intellectual virtues are coming soon! Visit this page periodically to see the latest installments, as well as new books for teacher training. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

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          \"\"<\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

          Aristotle (384-382 BC), the Greek philosopher and polymath, may be most famous in contemporary thought for his discussions of moral virtue or excellence (see Excellence Comes by Habit: Aristotle on Moral Virtue). Of course, he also wrote extensively in almost every major subject area, from natural science to politics and economics, literary criticism and rhetoric. […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":3439,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3432","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"yoast_head":"\nAristotle's Intellectual Virtues •<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Aristotle's five intellectual virtues represent overlooked goals in education. 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Of course, he also wrote extensively in almost every major subject area, from natural science to politics and economics, literary criticism and rhetoric.…","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/Pa7K1D-Tm","jetpack-related-posts":[{"id":1230,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/classical-education\/","url_meta":{"origin":3432,"position":0},"title":"Classical Education","author":"Jason Barney","date":"February 26, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"'Classical education' is a loaded term these days, representing different core commitments to different groups within a broader movement. It was coined to provide a contrast with 'modern education' and gesture toward a return to how education was previously conceived. Chris Perrin of Classical Academic Press has explained this usage\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"civic building with classical style of architecture","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancient-classical-order-on-historical-building-in-london-picjumbo-com-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancient-classical-order-on-historical-building-in-london-picjumbo-com-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancient-classical-order-on-historical-building-in-london-picjumbo-com-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancient-classical-order-on-historical-building-in-london-picjumbo-com-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/03\/ancient-classical-order-on-historical-building-in-london-picjumbo-com-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":4929,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/books-on-ancient-wisdom-pedagogy\/","url_meta":{"origin":3432,"position":1},"title":"Books on Ancient Wisdom (Pedagogy)","author":"Richard Padilla","date":"May 7, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics The\u00a0Nicomachean Ethics\u00a0is one of Aristotle\u2019s most widely read and influential works. Ideas central to ethics\u2014that happiness is the end of human endeavor, that moral virtue is formed through action and habituation, and that good action requires prudence\u2014found their most powerful proponent in the person medieval scholars simply\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-07-at-1.46.37%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-07-at-1.46.37%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-07-at-1.46.37%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]},{"id":986,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-habit-training\/","url_meta":{"origin":3432,"position":2},"title":"Charlotte Mason’s Practice of Habit Training","author":"Jason Barney","date":"March 14, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"Patrick has created a new eBook on implementing habit training in the classroom. This is a great companion volume to Jason\u2019s eBook on Charlotte Mason and the Trivium. Use the button below to download your FREE copy of \u201cA Guide to Implementing Habit Training.\u201d Send us feedback about what you\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Canva-Two-Children-Sitting-Down-Playing-With-Lego-Blocks-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Canva-Two-Children-Sitting-Down-Playing-With-Lego-Blocks-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Canva-Two-Children-Sitting-Down-Playing-With-Lego-Blocks-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Canva-Two-Children-Sitting-Down-Playing-With-Lego-Blocks-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Canva-Two-Children-Sitting-Down-Playing-With-Lego-Blocks-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C800&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2003,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/blooms-taxonomy\/","url_meta":{"origin":3432,"position":3},"title":"Bloom’s Taxonomy","author":"Jason Barney","date":"April 3, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Bloom's Taxonomy is a way of ordering and organizing educational goals that was developed in the 1950s. A committee of American college and university examiners, headed by Benjamin S. Bloom, the University Examiner at the University of Chicago, set out on a project to classify the educational objectives of teachers.\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Learning-Objectives.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Learning-Objectives.jpg?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Learning-Objectives.jpg?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Learning-Objectives.jpg?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/12\/Learning-Objectives.jpg?resize=1050%2C600&ssl=1 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":4989,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/about\/","url_meta":{"origin":3432,"position":4},"title":"About","author":"Richard Padilla","date":"May 22, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Meet Our Team Our Educational Renaissance authors are gifted speakers. They regularly train teachers at their local schools and instruct at regional and national events. In addition to presenting at the annual conferences of ACCS, SCL, and CiRCE, our partners also visit local schools to provide in-depth training. Jason Barney\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Screenshot-2025-03-31-at-10.33.46%E2%80%AFAM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Screenshot-2025-03-31-at-10.33.46%E2%80%AFAM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Screenshot-2025-03-31-at-10.33.46%E2%80%AFAM.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/03\/Screenshot-2025-03-31-at-10.33.46%E2%80%AFAM.png?resize=700%2C400&ssl=1 2x"},"classes":[]},{"id":4905,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/books-on-charlotte-mason-pedagogy\/","url_meta":{"origin":3432,"position":5},"title":"Books on Charlotte Mason Pedagogy","author":"Richard Padilla","date":"May 7, 2025","format":false,"excerpt":"Charlotte Mason, Home Education Home Education is the first in Charlotte Mason\u2019s six-volume series on pedagogy, drawn from six lectures on raising and educating children up to age nine. Perfect for parents and teachers alike, this volume introduces foundational ideas like \u201cchildren are born persons\u201d and \u201ceducation is the science\u2026","rel":"","context":"Similar post","block_context":{"text":"Similar post","link":""},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-07-at-12.55.35%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-07-at-12.55.35%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=350%2C200&ssl=1 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/05\/Screenshot-2025-05-07-at-12.55.35%E2%80%AFPM.png?resize=525%2C300&ssl=1 1.5x"},"classes":[]}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3432","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3432"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3432\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":4188,"href":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3432\/revisions\/4188"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/3439"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3432"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}