{"id":1966,"date":"2021-03-27T08:09:34","date_gmt":"2021-03-27T13:09:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/?p=1966"},"modified":"2023-04-29T21:16:32","modified_gmt":"2023-04-30T02:16:32","slug":"what-blooms-left-out-a-comparison-with-aristotles-intellectual-virtues","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/03\/27\/what-blooms-left-out-a-comparison-with-aristotles-intellectual-virtues\/","title":{"rendered":"What Bloom&#8217;s Left Out: A Comparison with Aristotle&#8217;s Intellectual Virtues"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In the last three articles in this series, I laid out <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/09\/05\/blooms-taxonomy-and-the-importance-of-objectives-3-blessings-of-blooms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the good<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/02\/13\/breaking-down-the-bad-of-blooms-the-false-objectivity-of-education-as-a-modern-social-science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the bad<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/03\/06\/when-blooms-gets-ugly-cutting-the-heart-out-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the ugly<\/a> of <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/08\/15\/blooms-taxonomy-and-the-purpose-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy<\/a>. After the last two posts it is perhaps worth reaffirming the value of Bloom\u2019s project. While I ultimately believe that Bloom and his colleagues may have done more harm than good, I do affirm the importance of clear objectives in education. The clarity and focus of their project, which raised the issue of teaching objectives in a unique way in the history of education, leaves a real and positive inheritance to the discipline. Moreover, I am convinced that where Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy failed, it did so because of a lack of far-seeing philosophical vision, and not because of any ill intentions. Like all of us do in various ways, they participated in the blind-spots of their era, and should not be taken to task too harshly for that fact.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The rest of this series aims at a constructive development of Aristotle\u2019s Five Intellectual Virtues into a taxonomy of educational objectives of its own. The goal is to incorporate the value of Bloom\u2019s project with the broader and more holistic philosophy implied in Aristotle\u2019s <em>Nicomachean Ethics<\/em>, book VI. As mentioned in the introduction, this will involve extending Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues into the later development of the liberal arts tradition of education. So this is not an Aristotle-only sort of proposal. Instead, I am proposing a taxonomy of sub-categories under the five intellectual virtues that is analogous to Bloom\u2019s six orders of objectives in the cognitive domain.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"What Bloom&#039;s Left Out: A Comparison with Aristotle&#039;s Intellectual Virtues\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/O7lPkPfn7Ck?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>This article attempts to lay out the big picture of this classical taxonomy of educational goals by comparing it with Bloom\u2019s and showing how it incorporates a number of \u201cintellectual\u201d categories that Bloom\u2019s left out. In essence, then, Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues combat against the reduction of the intellect caused by our modern categories. Although only five in number, the intellectual virtues are broader and incorporate more subheadings, including the professions, sports and production, among other things. Other problems caused by neglecting Aristotle\u2019s categories include the over-abstraction or generalization of intellectual skills (implying they are transferable when they are not), siloing academic goals apart from the professions they are meant to serve, and not making distinctions between reasoning with language and with number.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Let\u2019s begin our comparison by unpacking Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy in Aristotelian and liberal arts tradition terms.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Translating Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy into Intellectual Virtues<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>One way of understanding the relationship between the six orders of educational objectives in the cognitive domain and Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues is illustrated below. I have reproduced the list of Bloom\u2019s hierarchy and indicated on the right in bold roughly what intellectual virtue it might correspond to in the Aristotelean framework I am proposing. For this purpose it was necessary to detail <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2018\/07\/20\/the-classical-distinction-between-an-art-and-a-science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Aristotle\u2019s virtue of <em>techne<\/em>, art or craftsmanship<\/a>, as including the seven traditional liberal <em>arts<\/em>, which I have interpreted not as subjects but as the productive arts or crafts of language and number.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of Six Categories of Objectives in the Cognitive Domain<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Knowledge &gt; <strong>The Intellectual Virtue of <\/strong><strong><em>Nous<\/em><\/strong><strong>, Intuition or Perception<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>          1.1 Knowledge of Specifics &gt; <strong>Of Particulars<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>          1.2 Knowledge of Ways and Means of Dealing with Specifics&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>          1.3 Knowledge of the Universals and Abstractions in a Field &gt; <strong>Of Universals<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"2\"><li>Comprehension &gt; <strong>The Liberal Art (<\/strong><strong><em>Techne<\/em><\/strong><strong>) of Grammar<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>          2.1 Translation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>          2.2 Interpretation<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>          2.3 Extrapolation &gt; <strong>Quadrivium Arts <\/strong>(when involving mathematical data)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"3\"><li>Application &gt; <strong>The Liberal Arts of Dialectic and Rhetoric &#8211; The Intellectual Virtue of <\/strong><strong><em>Phronesis<\/em><\/strong><strong>, Prudence or Practical Wisdom<\/strong><\/li><li>Analysis &gt; <strong>The Liberal Arts of Grammar and Dialectic and various Quadrivium Arts<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>          4.1 Analysis of Elements<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>          4.2 Analysis of Relationships<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>          4.3 Analysis of Organizational Principles<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"5\"><li>Synthesis &gt; <strong>The Liberal Arts of Rhetoric and Music<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>          5.1 Production of a Unique Communication<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>          5.2 Production of a Plan, or Proposed Set of Operations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>          5.3 Derivation of a Set of Abstract Relations<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\" start=\"6\"><li>Evaluation &gt; <strong>The Intellectual Virtues of <\/strong><strong><em>Episteme<\/em><\/strong><strong>, Scientific Knowledge, <\/strong><strong><em>Nous<\/em><\/strong><strong>, Intuition, and <\/strong><strong><em>Phronesis<\/em><\/strong><strong>, Prudence or Practical Wisdom<\/strong><\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p>          6.1 Judgments in Terms of Internal Evidence<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>          6.2 Judgments in Terms of External Criteria<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bloom\u2019s category of <strong>knowledge<\/strong> corresponds more or less to the intellectual virtue of <em>nous<\/em>, intuition or perception, not <em>episteme<\/em> or scientific knowledge. This is because <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2018\/07\/20\/the-classical-distinction-between-an-art-and-a-science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">scientific knowledge<\/a>, for Aristotle, involves the ability to demonstrate or prove a truth claim, whereas the knowledge that Bloom is talking about is a traditional knowledge passed down by authorities. The basic understanding of the givens in any field or endeavor is grasped by a student\u2019s <em>understanding<\/em>\u2014another common translation of Aristotle\u2019s <em>nous<\/em>\u2014and is held in their memory as the starting point for all future thinking in this area. This sort of knowledge falls short of \u201cjustified true belief,\u201d the philosophical tradition\u2019s standard for \u2018knowledge\u2019 proper, and is therefore always subject to updating through the perception of new particulars or universals.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What Bloom calls <strong>comprehension<\/strong> translates best as the liberal art of grammar, which involves the reading and interpretation of a text. The ability to translate what something says into one\u2019s own words is, after all, the most basic way of demonstrating one\u2019s understanding of a text or spoken communication. Of course, this ability is helped along by one\u2019s general understanding or intuition of the subject matter in question (<em>nous<\/em>), but the activity of interpretation is itself a productive one, involving the student\u2019s own communication and therefore falling under the intellectual virtue of <em>techne<\/em>, which is concerned with producing something new in the world. When Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy discusses the interpretation or extrapolation of data, we have moved into the traditional realm of <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/11\/09\/the-flow-of-thought-part-4-the-seven-liberal-arts-as-mental-games\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the quadrivium, the mathematical arts of arithmetic, geometry, music and astronomy<\/a>. Arguably, extrapolating from mathematical data should be carefully distinguished from the interpretation of language; calling them by the same name, therefore, could be unhelpful and confusing to educators.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1249\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/05\/23\/the-problem-of-scientism-in-conventional-education\/800px-hortus_deliciarum_die_philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_kunsten-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/800px-Hortus_Deliciarum_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.jpg?fit=800%2C994&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,994\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"800px-Hortus_Deliciarum_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K\u00fcnsten\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/800px-Hortus_Deliciarum_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.jpg?fit=241%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/800px-Hortus_Deliciarum_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.jpg?fit=800%2C994&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/800px-Hortus_Deliciarum_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.jpg?resize=600%2C745&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1249\" width=\"600\" height=\"745\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/800px-Hortus_Deliciarum_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/800px-Hortus_Deliciarum_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.jpg?resize=241%2C300&amp;ssl=1 241w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/800px-Hortus_Deliciarum_Die_Philosophie_mit_den_sieben_freien_K%C3%BCnsten.jpg?resize=768%2C954&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Application<\/strong>, listed as it is without any subheadings, is a particularly tricky element of Bloom\u2019s taxonomy. Depending on the context, application could correspond to the liberal arts of <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/11\/30\/the-flow-of-thought-part-5-the-play-of-words\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">dialectic<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/12\/05\/training-the-prophetic-voice-part-6-classical-rhetoric-for-the-modern-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rhetoric<\/a>, where the student argues for or against a particular course of action or belief. But it could also involve the students\u2019 own judgment of how they should act in the world with regard to human goods (<em>phronesis<\/em> or practical wisdom). In fact, what Bloom means by application could be the application of moral reasoning to the content that is highlighted in a course or subject. He calls it \u201cuse of abstractions in particular and concrete situations,\u201d but this is so general an activity that it seems to admit of almost every human activity, including all the arts and sciences, human decision-making and production.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a way all <em>techne <\/em>(arts, crafts or professions) involve the application of abstractions in concrete situations; this is why Aristotle requires of <em>techne<\/em> that it \u201cinvolve a true course of reasoning\u201d (see <em>Nic. Ethics<\/em> VI.4, 1140a9). All forms of artistry or craftsmanship must interact reasonably with the world as it really is, applying truths to particulars to produce something new in the world; otherwise, their proponents would not have excellence in the craft. Failures of application result in mistakes and errors in the execution of a productive plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Analysis<\/strong> corresponds to the liberal arts of grammar and dialectic, as well as various quadrivium arts, when mathematics are involved. Whether a student is analyzing grammar, terminology, circumstances and relationships, logical arguments, or the quantities, equations, data and experiments of science and math, students are utilizing subskills of the liberal arts themselves. As it turns out, this so-called analysis is a very different activity of the mind depending on what type of \u2018analysis\u2019 is being conducted. Parsing Latin verbs does not much resemble graphing equations. And knowing how to do one does not in any meaningful way help a student do any of the others. In fact, the line between analytical and synthetic activities in the liberal arts is often not very clear. So while it seems smart to distinguish between them, in practice it does not clarify the concerned educational objectives much. We would be better to aim for mastery of various liberal arts sub-skills, as they have been developed and honed by the tradition.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Synthesis<\/strong>, then, is the outworking of analysis in a unique communication, and therefore the product of rhetoric or music. The traditional subdivisions of rhetoric, as well as all the genre distinctions made in a long history of composition, are more helpful for determining educational goals, than labelling something \u2018synthesis\u2019 as if it were an abstract intellectual skill. Again, it\u2019s not that it is impossible to distinguish between our mind\u2019s ability to put things together (synthesis) and to pick things apart (analysis). But in an actual assignment or task that we ask students to perform, doing one often requires the other right before or after it. The problem is essentially our modern attempt to dig down into the various acts of the mind, label these, and then elevate them to the place of intellectual virtues. It is the finished and complex skills with their multiple sub-steps in sequence that are properly intellectual virtues and educational goals, not the minute sub-steps in between.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For example, putting together two equations in a system of equations, while an act of synthesis (putting two things together), is a particular sub-skill of mathematics that we have developed, which has no relationship to other synthetic acts, like taking two historical texts about the same event and synthesizing them together like a historian might. Labelling these tasks synthesis or analysis is ultimately self-defeating because they are complex intellectual skills that involve both mental acts, as well as knowledge, comprehension, application, etc. to complete. Asking educators to determine which one is their educational objective seems more likely to breed confusion and neglect of some parts of the complex skill, than the clarity for educators that Bloom and his colleagues sought.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.circeinstitute.org\/store\/books\/classical-guide-narration\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"550\" data-attachment-id=\"1882\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/02\/13\/breaking-down-the-bad-of-blooms-the-false-objectivity-of-education-as-a-modern-social-science\/narr_store-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?fit=400%2C550&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"400,550\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"narr_store\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?fit=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?fit=400%2C550&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?resize=400%2C550&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1882\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?w=400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?resize=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1 218w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Evaluation<\/strong>, likewise, is of many types, depending on the nature of what is being judged. At the very least, there is the judgment involved in scientific knowledge itself, in which a true course of reasoning is followed from a universal or particular to a conclusion (deductive or inductive reasoning). But there is also the artistic valuation of quality in the arts, which requires chiefly an experienced intuition (<em>nous<\/em>) in the specific form of artistry or craftsmanship. This is clearly different from mastery of the art itself, because the best critics are not always the best practitioners and vice versa. Lastly, judgments about the best course of action, whether for a person or a larger group (\u201cpolitical wisdom\u201d) are made through <em>phronesis<\/em> or prudence, the practical wisdom which reasons correctly with regard to human goods.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As before, these three types of evaluation are very different from one another, and wisdom to judge in one area does not readily transfer to the others. We can all imagine the celebrated literary critic who is notoriously unwise in his personal life, or the wise manager who can\u2019t appreciate fine art in the least. A PhD in ethics may reason correctly to a scientific conclusion about what is right in theory, but be a terrible decision-maker in the midst of her interpersonal relationships. While we might be able to isolate \u201cevaluation\u201d as a category of mental skills in the abstract, in the actual practice of education developing a student\u2019s judgment in various areas does not look very similar.&nbsp;&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>To summarize, Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy touches on important intellectual virtues that can be translated into Aristotelian terms. But its main weakness in practice is its tendency to isolate individual mental acts, as if they could stand as educational goals in themselves, in a way that seems to imply that these mental acts are the same skills or virtues, even if applied in different contexts. These abstractions served the trends of the mid-20th century, as psychological and cognitive studies attempted to delineate various cognitive abilities or acts, separated out from their lifeworld. But they neglected the philosophical tradition and unhelpfully isolated education from life and the professions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Restructuring Bloom\u2019s Through Aristotle\u2019s Five Intellectual Virtues<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In the following outline, I detail a number of subheadings under Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues as listed and explained in Book VI of his <em>Nicomachean Ethics<\/em>. While there are a number of ways I will need to explain Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues as the proper goals of a classical Christian educational program, the main point for our present purposes is to draw attention to what Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy left out or sidelined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1967\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/03\/27\/what-blooms-left-out-a-comparison-with-aristotles-intellectual-virtues\/aristotles-intellectual-virtues\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Aristotles-Intellectual-Virtues.png?fit=502%2C610&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"502,610\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Aristotles-Intellectual-Virtues\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Aristotles-Intellectual-Virtues.png?fit=247%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Aristotles-Intellectual-Virtues.png?fit=502%2C610&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Aristotles-Intellectual-Virtues.png?resize=418%2C507&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1967\" width=\"418\" height=\"507\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Aristotles-Intellectual-Virtues.png?w=502&amp;ssl=1 502w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Aristotles-Intellectual-Virtues.png?resize=247%2C300&amp;ssl=1 247w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 418px) 100vw, 418px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>First, it should be noted that Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy pointed in a number of ways to the complex skills of the liberal arts. While I think his grouping of <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/11\/09\/the-flow-of-thought-part-4-the-seven-liberal-arts-as-mental-games\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">trivium and quadrivium skills<\/a> together under the same names is a liability in some ways, the idea that trivium and quadrivium reasoning should be integrated speaks in Bloom\u2019s favor. Of course, Kevin Clark and Ravi Jain have advanced the proposition that the liberal arts were not meant to stand alone in the liberal arts tradition, but were the centerpiece of a larger paradigm that focused on <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/03\/07\/charlotte-mason-and-the-liberal-arts-tradition-part-2-educating-the-whole-person\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the holistic formation of the human person<\/a> (see <em>The Liberal Arts Tradition 2.0<\/em>). We are not disembodied minds, but piety, gymnastic and music should also be employed throughout education to train the soul, the body, and the heart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1969\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/03\/27\/what-blooms-left-out-a-comparison-with-aristotles-intellectual-virtues\/untitled-design-1-3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?fit=3146%2C4828&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"3146,4828\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Untitled design (1)\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?fit=195%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?fit=667%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?resize=465%2C714&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1969\" width=\"465\" height=\"714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?resize=667%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 667w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?resize=195%2C300&amp;ssl=1 195w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?resize=768%2C1179&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?resize=1001%2C1536&amp;ssl=1 1001w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?resize=1335%2C2048&amp;ssl=1 1335w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?w=2000&amp;ssl=1 2000w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-1.png?w=3000&amp;ssl=1 3000w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 465px) 100vw, 465px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues take us one step beyond this thesis, perhaps, by positing that what we are calling virtues of the soul, body or heart have an intellectual component. Even if athletics or trades seem to involve the body more directly than the liberal arts or <em>episteme<\/em>, Aristotle is bold enough to call <strong>all <em>crafts<\/em> a form of intellectual virtue<\/strong>. While this might seem initially perplexing, it accords with our modern understanding of the brain. All human activity is guided through our central nervous system and involves the firing of neural networks in sequence. The <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-habit-training\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">skilled and cultivated habits<\/a>, as well as the person\u2019s planning, responding and interacting with the physical world, involved in, say, elite performance on the violin or world-class soccer playing, are intellectual feats!&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Recent discoveries in neuroscience are a testament to the development of white-matter in the brain, the wrapping of myelin-sheaths around neural networks to enable them to fire more quickly and efficiently, allowing for the development of incredible skill. In a way, we have the ability to affirm more strongly than ever before that &#8216;gymnastic&#8217; excellence of all kinds (to borrow Clark and Jain&#8217;s terminology), as well as elite skills in the fine and performing arts, the trades and the professions, constitutes a <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/09\/07\/training-in-the-arts-vs-teaching-sciences\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">particular type of intellectual virtue<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps it goes without saying that neglecting these skills as proper educational goals is tantamount to a betrayal of a much larger portion of education than we would often care to admit. A classical Christian educational philosophy should restore the dignity of these neglected intellectual virtues.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Phronesis<\/em>, <strong>prudence or practical wisdom<\/strong>, is another intellectual virtue that is lost on Bloom\u2019s, even if we have found places to mention it in our translation of his taxonomy. And that is because students are rarely addressed as <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/02\/29\/the-flow-of-thought-part-8-restoring-the-school-of-philosophers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">actors in the world in the modern secular school<\/a>. The <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/03\/06\/when-blooms-gets-ugly-cutting-the-heart-out-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">heart of education has been cut out<\/a> by our feigned indifference to human values. In their attempt to achieve neutrality, the intellectual aspect of morality has been relegated to a matter of opinion or personal preference.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Ironically, modern education aims to prepare students for professions through the cultivation of general knowledge and academic or cognitive skills. Implicitly, then the utilitarian earning of a professional salary is made the ultimate goal of education, rather than the life well lived. As a matter of fact, though, artistry or craftsmanship, whether in professions, liberal arts, or fine arts and sports, should be made a part of a rich and fulfilling life of service to God and neighbor. However, the development of artistry need not serve only utilitarian ends, nor should it become the end all be all. Instead, <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/12\/07\/the-search-for-happiness-part-2-the-way-of-wisdom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">a wise life of making God-honoring and happiness-producing decisions is truly its own reward<\/a>.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a way, I would go so far as to rate <em>phronesis<\/em> as the chief goal of education, from a Christian if not also a classical perspective. As a warrant for this claim, I would reference the biblical book of Proverbs in support. If a person does not grasp the wisdom to live life well, whatever wisdom he thinks he has is little more than folly in the Lord\u2019s eyes.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>But we should not fail to mention also Bloom\u2019s neglect of <em>sophia<\/em>, <strong>philosophic wisdom<\/strong>, which combines intuition (<em>nous<\/em>) and scientific knowledge (<em>episteme<\/em>) and is the crowning intellectual virtue for Aristotle. This too is an important goal to name, and focuses attention on its antecedent virtues and their unique and interdependent relationship. These matters are worthy of fuller discussion than we can give to them at the present.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In summary, then, Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues restore the intellectual virtues of the body and heart, the educational importance of beautiful craftsmanship and skill, as well as the moral wisdom of a life well lived. In addition, the virtue of philosophic wisdom clarifies a new crowning achievement of true education that Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy does not have the resources to grasp. After this overview of what Bloom\u2019s left out, we are now ready to turn to detailed exposition of each of Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues in turn, drawing out the implications of this revised taxonomy for pedagogy (i.e. teaching methods), curriculum and school programs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/gp\/product\/B089CWR8W3?pf_rd_r=S8S6Z5NRPJATQ4QKS31P&amp;pf_rd_p=5ae2c7f8-e0c6-4f35-9071-dc3240e894a8&amp;pd_rd_r=4db88cc9-1b5f-4c1f-b27f-3096af1b7f27&amp;pd_rd_w=24tRz&amp;pd_rd_wg=cSPYF&amp;ref_=pd_gw_unk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1925\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/03\/06\/when-blooms-gets-ugly-cutting-the-heart-out-of-education\/the-joy-of-learning-ad\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Joy-of-Learning-ad.png?fit=1080%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"The-Joy-of-Learning-ad\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Joy-of-Learning-ad.png?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Joy-of-Learning-ad.png?fit=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Joy-of-Learning-ad.png?resize=499%2C499&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1925\" width=\"499\" height=\"499\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Joy-of-Learning-ad.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Joy-of-Learning-ad.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Joy-of-Learning-ad.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Joy-of-Learning-ad.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/The-Joy-of-Learning-ad.png?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 499px) 100vw, 499px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the last three articles in this series, I laid out the good, the bad and the ugly of Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy. After the last two posts it is perhaps worth reaffirming the value of Bloom\u2019s project. While I ultimately believe that Bloom and his colleagues may have done more harm than good, I do affirm [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1968,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[49],"tags":[2,334,479,435,336,309,335,23,485,14,432,216,434,156,27,433,155,36],"class_list":["post-1966","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-classical-tradition","tag-aristotle","tag-blooms-taxonomy","tag-common-arts","tag-educational-goals","tag-educational-objectives","tag-intellectual-virtues","tag-learning-objectives","tag-liberal-arts","tag-neuroscience","tag-philosophy","tag-phronesis","tag-piety","tag-prudence","tag-quadrivium","tag-rhetoric","tag-techne","tag-trivium","tag-wisdom"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v26.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>What Bloom&#039;s Left Out: A Comparison with Aristotle&#039;s Intellectual Virtues &#8226;<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Bloom&#039;s taxonomy is compared with Aristotle&#039;s intellectual virtues to show what modern education has left out of education.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/03\/27\/what-blooms-left-out-a-comparison-with-aristotles-intellectual-virtues\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"What Bloom&#039;s Left Out: A Comparison with Aristotle&#039;s Intellectual Virtues &#8226;\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Bloom&#039;s taxonomy is compared with 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