{"id":1879,"date":"2021-02-13T06:44:11","date_gmt":"2021-02-13T12:44:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/?p=1879"},"modified":"2023-05-01T19:34:51","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T00:34:51","slug":"breaking-down-the-bad-of-blooms-the-false-objectivity-of-education-as-a-modern-social-science","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/02\/13\/breaking-down-the-bad-of-blooms-the-false-objectivity-of-education-as-a-modern-social-science\/","title":{"rendered":"Breaking Down the Bad of Bloom&#8217;s: The False Objectivity of Education as a Modern Social Science"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In the first two posts of this series (which I am reviving after a 6 months long hiatus) I proposed <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/08\/15\/blooms-taxonomy-and-the-purpose-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">replacing Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of educational objectives with Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues<\/a>. The major flaw in Bloom\u2019s taxonomy, which is a hierarchical categorization of educational goals in the cognitive domain, is that it privileges the bare intellect over the heart, like so much of modern education. Even if Bloom and his university examiner colleagues proposed an affective and psychomotor domain as well, and had the modest goal of improving clarity and communication among teachers, curriculum planners and educational researchers, still they codified the modern academic system\u2019s focus on intellectual abilities and skills alone. In doing so they divorced the head from the heart and body in a way that makes it hard for even classical educators today to fully recover. We all breathe in this educational air, and walk through these educational halls, with Bloom\u2019s built into the very architecture.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-4-3 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Breaking Down the Bad of Bloom&#039;s: The False Objectivity of Education as a Modern Social Science\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/WYzTi4nx3vc?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/flow\/\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1792\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/01\/02\/why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-3-narrations-rebirth\/5-tips-for-fostering-flow-ad\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad.png?fit=1080%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad.png?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad.png?fit=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad.png?resize=445%2C445&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1792\" width=\"445\" height=\"445\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/5-Tips-for-Fostering-Flow-ad.png?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 445px) 100vw, 445px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>But it is important to acknowledge <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/09\/05\/blooms-taxonomy-and-the-importance-of-objectives-3-blessings-of-blooms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the value of Bloom\u2019s project<\/a>, especially in contrast to the rampant postmodernism that has swept through education since (see <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/09\/05\/blooms-taxonomy-and-the-importance-of-objectives-3-blessings-of-blooms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">2nd post<\/a>). The benefit of Bloom\u2019s taxonomy lies in its recognition of the need for clear targets. Without knowing where we are aiming at in education, we are like Alice wandering in wonderland with no sense of where she wants to go. We may get somewhere, but not likely to the true destination of education. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bloom\u2019s taxonomy may be reductionistic, but at least it lays out and defines a clear set of goals that educators might pursue. Modernism thus has a leg up on post-modernism, in that the house swept clean of all overarching values and metanarratives (except rampant individualism), then becomes subject to the seven demons more wicked than itself that our Lord spoke of. The clean house at least looks nice and could be used by different sorts of inhabitants in the future. But this analogy may seem to strike a more ominous note against postmodern education than I intend. Simply put, when clarity is away, ideologies come out to play.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a way then, our critique of Bloom\u2019s project is a simple one: <strong>Benjamin Bloom and his colleagues should not have simply taken modern educators\u2019 own language as their starting point for their taxonomy of educational objectives.<\/strong> <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They state this explicitly in Bloom et al., <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.uky.edu\/~rsand1\/china2018\/texts\/Bloom%20et%20al%20-Taxonomy%20of%20Educational%20Objectives.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Taxonomy of Educational Objectives: The Classification of Educational Goals<\/a><\/em>, Handbook 1: Cognitive Domain (Ann Arbor, Michigan: David McKay Co., 1956), 6:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Insofar as possible, the boundaries between categories should be closely related to the distinctions teachers make in planning curricula or in choosing learning situations. It is possible that teachers make distinctions which psychologists would not make in classifying or studying human behavior. However, if one of the major values of the taxonomy is in the improvement of communication among educators, then educational distinctions should be given major consideration.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Even if their taxonomy brought clarity, definitions and examples to the teaching and testing process, they relied on the average American teacher or examiner\u2019s assumptions about what education was all about. Instead of recovering the best of the liberal arts tradition on the nature of the mind, virtue and wisdom, they solidified a lowest common denominator philosophy of education. Teachers and curriculum writers are mostly talking abstractly about knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis and evaluation, so we\u2019ll detail and define those, provide some examples of examination questions and call that education. They justified this questionable move by modelling their project on the hard sciences and appealing to the philosophical pragmatism that had come to dominate educational philosophy in America.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"668\" height=\"587\" data-attachment-id=\"1880\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/02\/13\/breaking-down-the-bad-of-blooms-the-false-objectivity-of-education-as-a-modern-social-science\/blooms-taxonomy\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Blooms-Taxonomy.png?fit=668%2C587&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"668,587\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Blooms-Taxonomy\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Blooms-Taxonomy.png?fit=300%2C264&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Blooms-Taxonomy.png?fit=668%2C587&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Blooms-Taxonomy.png?resize=668%2C587&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1880\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Blooms-Taxonomy.png?w=668&amp;ssl=1 668w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/Blooms-Taxonomy.png?resize=300%2C264&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 668px) 100vw, 668px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps the greatest irony in their approach is that they thereby furthered the divide between <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/04\/24\/education-is-life-a-philosophy-on-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">education and life<\/a>. Classical education may sometimes be critiqued as an ivory-tower intellectual exercise, but its traditional focus on virtue, wisdom and the good life puts the lie to this claim. The <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/11\/09\/the-flow-of-thought-part-4-the-seven-liberal-arts-as-mental-games\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">liberal arts<\/a> too are eminently practical, if we understand the word \u2018practical\u2019 appropriately. What could be more helpful in life than the ability to read, reason, persuade, calculate, chart, navigate and sing? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Aside:<\/em> This list of activities might seem like a reductionistic vision of the seven liberal arts, but I do not intend it that way. Instead I am attempting to reinstate <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2018\/07\/20\/the-classical-distinction-between-an-art-and-a-science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">the classical distinction between \u2018art\u2019 and \u2018science\u2019<\/a>, recognizing Aristotle\u2019s and others\u2019 emphasis on arts as activities producing something in the world. I have for some time been envisioning a project that would look at the seeds of the liberal arts to recover their practical origins and purposes (working title = <em>Free to Serve: Rediscovering the Liberal Arts as Practical Tools<\/em>, coming once I have the time to devote to it).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"600\" height=\"315\" data-attachment-id=\"871\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/01\/25\/charlotte-mason-and-the-power-of-ideas\/standardized-test-form-with-answers-bubbled-in-and-a-pencil-foc\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/test.jpg?fit=600%2C315&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"600,315\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;7.1&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;somkanokwan - stock.adobe.com&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;Canon EOS Kiss X4&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Standardized test form with answers bubbled in and a pencil, focus on anser sheet&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;1441136672&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;\\u00a9somkanokwan - stock.adobe.com&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;50&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;200&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0.01&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Standardized test form with answers bubbled in and a pencil, foc&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;1&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Standardized test form with answers bubbled in and a pencil, foc\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Standardized test form with answers bubbled in and a pencil, focus on anser sheet&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/test.jpg?fit=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/test.jpg?fit=600%2C315&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/test.jpg?resize=600%2C315&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-871\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/test.jpg?w=600&amp;ssl=1 600w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/test.jpg?resize=300%2C158&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 600px) 100vw, 600px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Modern education in the tradition of Bloom\u2019s, on the other hand, is the real culprit, abstracted as it is from a proper relationship not only to the working world, but also to a moral and communal life. Education becomes about preparing to perform on a <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/10\/12\/liberating-education-from-the-success-syndrome\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">modern standardized test<\/a>, regardless of the ensuing life of the individual who either fails, passes with flying colors or is confirmed in mediocrity.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>So then, we can break down the bad of Bloom\u2019s under two headings: 1) its scientistic philosophy obsessed with objectivity and measurability, and 2) its social scientific focus on neutrality, rather than a holistic embrace of traditional moral philosophy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Bloom\u2019s Scientism: Objectivity and Measurability<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In a way we should hardly be surprised at the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/05\/23\/the-problem-of-scientism-in-conventional-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">scientism<\/a> of Bloom\u2019s taxonomy. After all, the idea of a taxonomy itself was borrowed from the biological sciences, acting as a vivid signpost of the larger project that so many in education and other \u201csocial sciences\u201d found themselves swept up by during that era: to reframe the subdisciplines of <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/02\/29\/the-flow-of-thought-part-8-restoring-the-school-of-philosophers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">traditional moral philosophy<\/a> on analogy with the wildly successful hard sciences. Understood under this heading, the opening sentences of the foreword come sharply into focus:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Most readers will have heard of the biological taxonomies which permit classification into such categories as phyllum, class, order, family, genus, species, variety. Biologists have found their taxonomy markedly helpful as a means of insuring accuracy of communication about their science and as a means of understanding the organization and interrelation of the various parts of the animal and plant world. You are reading about an attempt to build a taxonomy of educational objectives. It is intended to provide for classification of the goals of our educational system. It is expected to be of general help to all teachers, administrators, professional specialists, and research workers who deal with curricular and evaluation problems. It is especially intended to help them discuss these problems with greater precision.<\/p><cite>Bloom et al., <em>Taxonomy of Educational Objectives<\/em>, 1.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>I am not in any way retracting <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/09\/05\/blooms-taxonomy-and-the-importance-of-objectives-3-blessings-of-blooms\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">my praise of the value of clarity<\/a>, when I remark that Bloom\u2019s project relies on a false analogy between education and biology. Our educational goals may not, in fact, organize themselves neatly into a manageable number of orders and species, if we only provide clear definitions. Aristotle himself might have observed that such a discussion <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cwill be adequate if it has as much clearness as the subject-matter admits of; for precision is not to be sought for alike in all discussions, any more than in all the products of the crafts.\u201d <\/p><cite>Aristotle, <em>Nicomachean Ethics<\/em> Book 1, Ch. 3, 1094b.12ff., in <em>The Complete Works of Aristotle<\/em>, vol. 2, The Revised Oxford Translation, ed. By Jonathan Barnes (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 1730.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>It may be that the real objectives of the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/teach-like-a-champion-2-0\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">craft of education<\/a> cannot be so precisely distinguished and classified, let alone tested, without some damage being done to the nature of the subject itself.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Joy-Learning-Finding-Classical-Education\/dp\/B089CWR8W3\/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&amp;keywords=The+Joy+of+Learning%3A+Finding+Flow+Through+Classical+Education&amp;qid=1613147367&amp;sr=8-1\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1289\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/flow\/the-joy-of-learning-amazon\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/The-Joy-of-Learning-Amazon.jpg?fit=333%2C500&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"333,500\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"The-Joy-of-Learning-Amazon\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/The-Joy-of-Learning-Amazon.jpg?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/The-Joy-of-Learning-Amazon.jpg?fit=333%2C500&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/The-Joy-of-Learning-Amazon.jpg?resize=306%2C459&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1289\" width=\"306\" height=\"459\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/The-Joy-of-Learning-Amazon.jpg?w=333&amp;ssl=1 333w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/The-Joy-of-Learning-Amazon.jpg?resize=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 306px) 100vw, 306px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>We can imagine Benjamin Bloom and his fellow committee members, who were all college and university examiners, as well as the many educators who participated in the conferences from 1949-1953 that helped develop the taxonomy, being attracted by the idea of a taxonomy of educational goals tested by their examinations. Perhaps by classifying and standardizing terminology, they might have thought, we can do away with the subjectivity of all these K-12 schools and their teachers. Perhaps we can finally make our tests objective and do away with the immeasurable criteria by relegating it to the affective domain, which we can tip our hats to as valuable, while functionally ignoring it as subjective and too fraught with controversy. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I would not press my imputation of their motives too far, but there seems to be legitimate indications in this direction in their statements about their \u201cprogress\u201d in the affective domain, Bloom et al., <em>Taxonomy of Educational Objectives<\/em>, 7:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>A second part of the taxonomy is the affective domain. It includes objectives which describe changes in interest, attitudes, and values, and the development of appreciations and adequate adjustment. Much of our meeting time has been devoted to attempts at classifying objectives under this domain. It has been a difficult task which is still far from complete. Several problems make it so difficult. Objectives in this domain are not stated very precisely; and, in fact, teachers do not appear to be very clear about the learning experiences which are appropriate to these objectives. It is difficult to describe the behaviors appropriate to these objectives since the internal or covert feelings and emotions are as significant for this domain as are the overt behavioral manifestations. Then, too, our testing procedures for the affective domain are still in the most primitive stages. We hope to complete the task but are not able to predict a publication date.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>It may be that our authors express this hope with the utmost sincerity, but they have framed the task with such \u201cdifficulties\u201d and in such a way as to make meeting their requirements all but impossible, because of not accepting the level of precision that the subject-matter properly admits of (<em>contra<\/em> Aristotle).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>After all, these college examiners would likely have been temperamentally inclined to providing greater precision, just as they would have been socially pressured to model their social science after the hard sciences in the middle of the 20th century.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In a way, Bloom\u2019s taxonomy is simply the dictum of Galileo Galilei as applied to testable goals in education: \u201cMeasure what is measurable, and make measurable what is not so.\u201d In Galileo\u2019s defense, he probably did not envision the cannibalization of <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/02\/29\/the-flow-of-thought-part-8-restoring-the-school-of-philosophers\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">moral philosophy<\/a> by the sciences. We should be careful again to affirm the value of measuring more in \u201csocial sciences\u201d like education, psychology, and politics, than we had done in earlier eras. Measurements, like the abstract grading system commonly used in contemporary education, have almost certainly improved some things, but they have also had their share of negative effects\u2014an observation that I hardly have to argue for, given the testimony of the countless parents of anxious or disengaged teenagers.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Social Sciences vs. Moral Philosophy<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>But what really is the problem with the social sciences approach vis-a-vis traditional moral philosophy? Kevin Clark and Ravi Jain break this development down admirably in <a href=\"https:\/\/classicalacademicpress.com\/collections\/classical-education\/products\/the-liberal-arts-tradition-revised-edition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\"><em>The Liberal Arts Tradition: A Philosophy of Christian Classical Education<\/em> (version 2.0)<\/a>:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>The methodologies of the contemporary social sciences implicitly critique traditional moral philosophy by suggesting it relies on assumptions about human nature and human purpose that are not rationally or empirically verifiable. They have reduced the sphere of moral philosophy to the isolated study of ethics, dissociated from the social sciences. This can only be effectively argued for when reason itself is truncated. Reason is truncated in the sciences when it is only allowed to consider efficient or material causation (simple cause and effect or material composition). By doing this, reason is made to ignore key aspects of moral reasoning such as explorations of meaning and purpose (formal and final cause). Instead these aspects of reason are now condemned as irrational because they involve judgments made by communities of tradition and faith. (132)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Aristotle\u2019s willingness to ask philosophical questions about the meaning and purpose of human beings, just as of animals or man-made objects like tables and chairs, stands in stark contrast with Bloom and his colleagues, whose decided preference is for a veneer of neutrality, objectivity and pragmatism. This is part of why I am <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/08\/15\/blooms-taxonomy-and-the-purpose-of-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">proposing the replacement of Bloom\u2019s taxonomy with Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues<\/a>, as primary goals of education. Because with Aristotle, at least, the intellectual virtues find themselves within a committed philosophical system that, even if imperfect, has been harmonized fruitfully with Christian fundamental principles before. (Aquinas comes to mind, amidst a whole tradition.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Bloom, on the other hand, is content to punt on questions of meaning and value, the ultimate purpose of human beings and therefore of education itself. Human values and schools of educational philosophy can be safely avoided to gain widespread acceptance of a secular public discipline. As they freely admit in their foreword:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>It was further agreed that in constructing the taxonomy every effort should be made to avoid value judgments about objectives and behaviors. Neutrality with respect to educational principles and philosophies was to be achieved by constructing a system which, insofar as it was possible, would permit the inclusion of objectives from all educational orientations. (6-7)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The house must be swept clean of non-objective, non-scientific value judgments, so that anyone can use it. Such a plan of attack is perfectly comprehensible for modern secularists (on their way to embracing pluralism). I am hardly criticizing their vantage point, given their worldview. But for contemporary Christians who embrace the tradition of moral philosophy, not to mention a <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/02\/15\/charlotte-mason-and-the-liberal-arts-tradition-part-1-mapping-a-harmony\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">classical philosophy of education<\/a>, it certainly leaves something wanting.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What after all is education really about? Mere training in intellectual abilities and skills? Or is human flourishing, <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/03\/25\/excellence-comes-by-habit-aristotle-on-moral-virtue\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">moral virtue<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/12\/07\/the-search-for-happiness-part-2-the-way-of-wisdom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">wisdom for life<\/a>, or even a relationship with the Creator God a proper goal? And what if such things cannot be easily measured? Should we therefore abandon them? Or perhaps, if we truly followed Galileo\u2019s dictum, we would advance and not retreat. Perhaps we should work harder to <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/10\/12\/liberating-education-from-the-success-syndrome\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">make these goals measurable<\/a>, even if we accept that such measurements might not be as precise as some others. That is the goal of this project. Advance into the fray of making measurable what truly matters in education.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.circeinstitute.org\/store\/books\/classical-guide-narration\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"400\" height=\"550\" data-attachment-id=\"1882\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/02\/13\/breaking-down-the-bad-of-blooms-the-false-objectivity-of-education-as-a-modern-social-science\/narr_store-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?fit=400%2C550&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"400,550\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"narr_store\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?fit=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?fit=400%2C550&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?resize=400%2C550&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1882\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?w=400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/narr_store.jpg?resize=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1 218w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 400px) 100vw, 400px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the first two posts of this series (which I am reviving after a 6 months long hiatus) I proposed replacing Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of educational objectives with Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues. The major flaw in Bloom\u2019s taxonomy, which is a hierarchical categorization of educational goals in the cognitive domain, is that it privileges the bare intellect [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1881,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[29],"tags":[2,627,334,24,52,336,309,335,23,412,305,413,35,411,414,228,6,36],"class_list":["post-1879","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-modern-research","tag-aristotle","tag-biblical-worldview","tag-blooms-taxonomy","tag-classical-education","tag-education","tag-educational-objectives","tag-intellectual-virtues","tag-learning-objectives","tag-liberal-arts","tag-modernism","tag-moral-education","tag-objectivity","tag-postmodernism","tag-social-sciences","tag-standardized-testing","tag-the-liberal-arts-tradition","tag-virtue","tag-wisdom"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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Barney","author_link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/author\/jasonmbarney\/"},"uagb_comment_info":0,"uagb_excerpt":"In the first two posts of this series (which I am reviving after a 6 months long hiatus) I proposed replacing Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy of educational objectives with Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtues. 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It is not merely job training\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Classical Tradition&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Classical Tradition","link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/category\/classical-tradition\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"modern classroom","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1966,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/03\/27\/what-blooms-left-out-a-comparison-with-aristotles-intellectual-virtues\/","url_meta":{"origin":1879,"position":1},"title":"What Bloom&#8217;s Left Out: A Comparison with Aristotle&#8217;s Intellectual Virtues","author":"Jason Barney","date":"March 27, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"In the last three articles in this series, I laid out the good, the bad and the ugly of Bloom\u2019s Taxonomy. After the last two posts it is perhaps worth reaffirming the value of Bloom\u2019s project. While I ultimately believe that Bloom and his colleagues may have done more harm\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Classical Tradition&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Classical Tradition","link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/category\/classical-tradition\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-2.png?fit=1200%2C783&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-2.png?fit=1200%2C783&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-2.png?fit=1200%2C783&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-2.png?fit=1200%2C783&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Untitled-design-2.png?fit=1200%2C783&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1921,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/03\/06\/when-blooms-gets-ugly-cutting-the-heart-out-of-education\/","url_meta":{"origin":1879,"position":2},"title":"When Bloom&#8217;s Gets Ugly: Cutting the Heart out of Education","author":"Jason Barney","date":"March 6, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"Bloom's Taxonomy cuts out the heart of education by cultivating bloated heads and shrivelled chests and leaving out man as maker and doer.","rel":"","context":"In &quot;History of Education&quot;","block_context":{"text":"History of Education","link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/category\/history-of-education\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/03\/Canva-Empty-Classroom-with-White-Board-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":3087,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2022\/06\/18\/apprenticeship-in-the-arts-part-6-the-transcendence-and-limitations-of-artistry\/","url_meta":{"origin":1879,"position":3},"title":"Apprenticeship in the Arts, Part 6: The Transcendence and Limitations of Artistry","author":"Jason Barney","date":"June 18, 2022","format":false,"excerpt":"In this series on apprenticeship in the arts we have laid out a vision for the role of the arts in a fully orbed classical Christian education. We began by situating artistry or craftsmanship within a neo-Aristotelian and distinctly Christian purpose of education: namely, the cultivation of moral, intellectual, and\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Classical Tradition&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Classical Tradition","link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/category\/classical-tradition\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Untitled-design-34-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C814&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Untitled-design-34-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C814&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Untitled-design-34-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C814&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Untitled-design-34-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C814&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/06\/Untitled-design-34-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C814&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":1526,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/09\/05\/blooms-taxonomy-and-the-importance-of-objectives-3-blessings-of-blooms\/","url_meta":{"origin":1879,"position":4},"title":"Bloom&#8217;s Taxonomy and the Importance of Objectives: 3 Blessings of Bloom&#8217;s","author":"Jason Barney","date":"September 5, 2020","format":false,"excerpt":"\u201cWould you tell me, please, which way I ought to go from here?\u201d\u201cThat depends a good deal on where you want to get to,\u201d said the Cat.\u201cI don\u2019t much care where\u2013\u201d said Alice.\u201cThen it doesn\u2019t matter which way you go,\u201d said the Cat.\u201c\u2013so long as I get SOMEWHERE,\u201d Alice added\u2026","rel":"","context":"In &quot;Modern Research&quot;","block_context":{"text":"Modern Research","link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/category\/modern-research\/"},"img":{"alt_text":"target","src":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Canva-Black-and-White-Dartboard-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200","width":350,"height":200,"srcset":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Canva-Black-and-White-Dartboard-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=350%2C200 1x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Canva-Black-and-White-Dartboard-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=525%2C300 1.5x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Canva-Black-and-White-Dartboard-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=700%2C400 2x, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Canva-Black-and-White-Dartboard-scaled.jpg?fit=1200%2C801&ssl=1&resize=1050%2C600 3x"},"classes":[]},{"id":2171,"url":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/07\/10\/apprenticeship-in-the-arts-traditions-and-divisions\/","url_meta":{"origin":1879,"position":5},"title":"Apprenticeship in the Arts, Part 1: Traditions and Divisions","author":"Jason Barney","date":"July 10, 2021","format":false,"excerpt":"The previous two articles have paved the way both for our discussion of Aristotle\u2019s intellectual virtue of techne, artistry or craftsmanship, as well as the intellectual virtue of phronesis, practical wisdom or prudence. 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