{"id":1785,"date":"2021-01-02T07:12:53","date_gmt":"2021-01-02T13:12:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/?p=1785"},"modified":"2023-05-01T20:39:56","modified_gmt":"2023-05-02T01:39:56","slug":"why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-3-narrations-rebirth","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/01\/02\/why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-3-narrations-rebirth\/","title":{"rendered":"Why the History of Narration Matters, Part 3: Narration&#8217;s Rebirth"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p>In my previous two articles I framed my discussion of the history of narration with the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/03\/why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-1-charlotte-masons-discovery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">controversy between Charlotte Mason and classical Christian education advocates<\/a>. I suggested that narration\u2019s history may be a fact that puts to rest the false dichotomies of either side. While Charlotte Mason did claim discovery of certain principles related to the nature of mind, <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">narration<\/a> itself is one of the many things she owes to the tradition. As she said of her philosophy and methods, \u201cSome of it is new, much of it is old.\u201d (<em>Toward a Philosophy of Education<\/em>; Wilder, 2008; 29)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignleft size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1654\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/24\/classical-roots-of-narration\/quintilian\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Quintilian.jpg?fit=528%2C536&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"528,536\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Quintilian\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Quintilian.jpg?fit=296%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Quintilian.jpg?fit=528%2C536&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Quintilian.jpg?resize=331%2C336&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Quintilian\" class=\"wp-image-1654\" width=\"331\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Quintilian.jpg?w=528&amp;ssl=1 528w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/Quintilian.jpg?resize=296%2C300&amp;ssl=1 296w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 331px) 100vw, 331px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>As we saw, <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/24\/classical-roots-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">narration has its roots in the classical era<\/a> with rhetorical teachers like Aelius Theon and Quintilian, where its goals included the development of memory, fluency and style for future orators. It was particularly powerful as a practice because it fused the natural oral story-telling of pre-literate cultures with the refinements of classical Greek and Roman rhetoric. Before moving to the rebirth of narration in the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/02\/01\/renaissance-education-looking-to-the-past-to-chart-a-course-for-education-today\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Renaissance<\/a> and early modern era, I have to admit to an unfortunate gap in my own knowledge.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I cannot claim to know that narration was absent from medieval pedagogy. In fact, I suspect that it was not. But I have not (as yet) found any direct evidence of it. There are undoubtedly more places to look than I have had the opportunity of doing so to date. So I would encourage any interested readers to keep an eye out and let me know if you find mention of any narration-like practices occurring in the Middle Ages. However, for the purposes of this series I will have to temporarily conclude that, like much of the tradition of classical rhetoric, narration went into dormancy during the Middle Ages.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Why the History of Narration Matters, Part 3: Narration&#039;s Rebirth\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/m6QhnOZwl4U?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>After all, the political situation changed drastically after the fall of Rome, and as a result rhetoric training itself underwent a shift. Without democratic political bodies to convince of a particular course of action, ceremonial and legal rhetoric predominated and crystalized into a more literate and scholastic form. As <a href=\"https:\/\/classics.unc.edu\/about-us-2\/departmental-history-3\/george-a-kennedy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">George A. Kennedy<\/a>, a leading rhetorical scholar, put it:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Classical-Rhetoric-Christian-Secular-Tradition\/dp\/0807847690\/ref=sr_1_1?crid=3KDYVN03QHMWU&amp;dchild=1&amp;keywords=classical+rhetoric+and+its+christian+and+secular+tradition&amp;qid=1609589607&amp;sprefix=Classical+Rhetoric+and+I%2Caps%2C180&amp;sr=8-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1648\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/24\/classical-roots-of-narration\/4124k0k1uil-_sx331_bo1204203200_\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/4124K0k1UiL._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?fit=333%2C499&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"333,499\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"4124K0k1UiL._SX331_BO1204203200_\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/4124K0k1UiL._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/4124K0k1UiL._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?fit=333%2C499&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/4124K0k1UiL._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?resize=258%2C387&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1648\" width=\"258\" height=\"387\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/4124K0k1UiL._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?w=333&amp;ssl=1 333w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/4124K0k1UiL._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?resize=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 258px) 100vw, 258px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cWith the end of orderly civic and economic life not only did public support of education disappear, but the reasons for rhetorical education in its traditional form declined. Fewer councils remained in which an orator could speak, and legal procedures were disrupted; on the other hand, barbarian kings easily acquired a taste for being extolled in Latin prose or verse, even if they did not understand what was being said.\u201d (<em>Classical Rhetoric and Its Christian and Secular Tradition<\/em>, 2nd ed.; Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1999; 196)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The golden age of oratory had passed. It was no wonder that grammatical training predominated, followed by the refined logic of scholasticism. And likewise, it is no wonder that, when the tides turned toward the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/02\/01\/renaissance-education-looking-to-the-past-to-chart-a-course-for-education-today\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Renaissance<\/a> and a return <em>ad fontes <\/em>(\u201cto the sources\u201d), back to the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/12\/05\/training-the-prophetic-voice-part-6-classical-rhetoric-for-the-modern-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rhetoric<\/a> of the classical era, that we would see <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">narration<\/a> reborn as well.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Narration\u2019s Rebirth, Stage 1: Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1787\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/01\/02\/why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-3-narrations-rebirth\/800px-holbein-erasmus\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg?fit=800%2C1132&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,1132\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"800px-Holbein-erasmus\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg?fit=212%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg?fit=724%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-Holbein-erasmus-724x1024.jpg?resize=436%2C617&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Erasmus\" class=\"wp-image-1787\" width=\"436\" height=\"617\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg?resize=724%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 724w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg?resize=212%2C300&amp;ssl=1 212w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg?resize=768%2C1087&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-Holbein-erasmus.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 436px) 100vw, 436px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large\"><a href=\"http:\/\/www.karenglass.net\/know-and-tell\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"203\" height=\"300\" data-attachment-id=\"1791\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/01\/02\/why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-3-narrations-rebirth\/know-and-tell-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Know-and-Tell.png?fit=203%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"203,300\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Know and Tell\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Know-and-Tell.png?fit=203%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Know-and-Tell.png?fit=203%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Know-and-Tell.png?resize=203%2C300&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1791\"\/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>I owe to Karen Glass my awareness of the first two stages in narration\u2019s rebirth: Erasmus and Comenius (see <em><a href=\"http:\/\/www.karenglass.net\/know-and-tell\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Know and Tell: The Art of Narration<\/a><\/em>, p. 16). However, the context of Desiderius Erasmus\u2019 work is enlightening, because it illustrates just how indebted he was to the grammatical and rhetorical tradition. The chapter leading up to his mention of narration reads like a passage out of Quintilian. In fact, Erasmus himself references his dependence on Quintilian, saying, <\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cAs regards the methods of the rudiments\u2014that is, of learning to talk and knowing the alphabet\u2014I can add nothing to what Quintilian has laid down.\u201d<\/p><cite>Desiderius Erasmus, <em>Concerning the Aim and Method of Education<\/em>, translated by William Harrison Woodward (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1904), p. 168<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Erasmus affirms the value of teaching students to speak both Latin and Greek as the main sources of all the important knowledge then available. Then he gives instructions for exercises in composition, followed by how the teacher should guide students through reading classic texts. His <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/02\/01\/the-writing-process-sentences-paragraphs-edit-repeat\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">composition exercises<\/a> are based on the classical principle of imitation: \u201cThe Master in the course of his reading will be careful to note instances which present themselves as models suitable for imitation\u201d (170). He then recommends the more challenging exercises of Quintilian, like \u201cparaphrasing poetry into prose and the reverse process\u201d (171).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>While we judged this exercise of Quintilian\u2019s to be an extension of narration, in which the student would write a paraphrase from memory rather than with constant reference to a text, it is almost certain that this is not the case for Erasmus\u2019 recommendations. One clue comes in his recommendations for translating from Greek into Latin and vice versa in the same section\u2014what Walter Ong might call an art of high literacy and one which almost certainly relies on being able to reference the text itself (see Erasmus, <em>Aim and Method of Education<\/em>, 171-172). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Given the invention of the printing press before Erasmus\u2019 lifetime, highly increasing availability of texts, we are probably right to assume that the educational situation of Erasmus\u2019 day was quite different from the Roman era. <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Narration of texts<\/a> from the teacher\u2019s single reading would have become more counterintuitive because texts were cheaper and more accessible. Why would one narrate merely the text itself when it is there at hand?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-full is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Short-History-Narration-Historical-Perspective\/dp\/B09VWRWVG5\/ref=sr_1_2?crid=30SSIY5CUG23H&amp;keywords=a+short+history+of+narration&amp;qid=1648313903&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=%2Cstripbooks%2C205&amp;sr=1-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2806\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/edren-books\/41tzbxb91l-_sx331_bo1204203200_\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/41TZbxb91L._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?fit=333%2C499&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"333,499\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"41TZbxb91L._SX331_BO1204203200_\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/41TZbxb91L._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?fit=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/41TZbxb91L._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?fit=333%2C499&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/41TZbxb91L._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?resize=248%2C372&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2806\" width=\"248\" height=\"372\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/41TZbxb91L._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?w=333&amp;ssl=1 333w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/41TZbxb91L._SX331_BO1204203200_.jpg?resize=200%2C300&amp;ssl=1 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 248px) 100vw, 248px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>We might bemoan this fact as the fulfillment of Plato\u2019s dire predictions in the <em>Phaedrus<\/em> (see the final section of the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/24\/classical-roots-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">previous article<\/a>). However, the challenging composition exercises that Erasmus proposes would have probably compensated for the loss. And this isn\u2019t even to mention how Erasmus himself transformed narration into a practice for assimilating the teacher\u2019s lecture in a passage that out-flanks Plato\u2019s objection:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cThe master must not omit to set as an exercise the reproduction of what he has given to the class. It involves time and trouble to the teacher, I know well, but it is essential. A literal reproduction of the matter taught is, of course, not required, but the substance of it presented in the pupil&#8217;s own way. Personally I disapprove of the practice of taking down a lecture just as it is delivered. For this prevents reliance upon memory which should, as time goes on, need less and less of that external aid which note-taking supplies.\u201d<\/p><cite>Erasmus, <em>Aim and Method of Education<\/em>,177-178.<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Here we can see narration endorsed as \u201cessential\u201d in the case of the teacher\u2019s lecture, rather than with texts. Of course, we have to remember that Erasmus has already discussed imitative composition exercises on topics taken from the classic texts that the students would read. So it is not as though there would be no opportunity for students to assimilate the subject matter of texts through their own writing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>What may be more surprising is Erasmus\u2019 stance against note-taking during the teacher\u2019s lectures and in favor of narration. His reasoning involves the training of the memory and the reduction of an \u201cexternal aid\u201d over the course of a student\u2019s education. For Erasmus \u201cnote-taking\u201d is a crutch, or better yet, corresponds to the use of training wheels for the memory. They should be taken off as soon as possible.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1555\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/09\/12\/building-ratio-training-students-to-think-and-learn-for-themselves\/pen-and-paper\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pen-and-Paper.jpeg?fit=%2C&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"[]\" data-image-title=\"Pen and Paper\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pen-and-Paper.jpeg?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pen-and-Paper.jpeg?fit=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/Pen-and-Paper.jpeg?resize=614%2C460&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1555\" width=\"614\" height=\"460\"\/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Narration<\/a>, then, in the first stage of its rebirth, has shifted its focus from the text read aloud to the spoken lecture on the text. In a similar fashion, the training of a student\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/12\/05\/training-the-prophetic-voice-part-6-classical-rhetoric-for-the-modern-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rhetorical style<\/a> has been almost entirely subsumed in the training of the memory for content (note \u201cthe substance of it presented in the pupil\u2019s own way\u201d), and the narration is most likely a written enterprise, since it causes \u201ctime and trouble to the teacher,\u201d most likely because of the extra work involved in reading and assessing the students\u2019 narrations.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Narration\u2019s Rebirth, Stage 2: John Amos Comenius (1592-1670)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1790\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/01\/02\/why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-3-narrations-rebirth\/opnamedatum-2010-01-04\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Comenius.jpeg?fit=625%2C720&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"625,720\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;Carola van Wijk&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;Opnamedatum: 2010-01-04&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;Rijksmuseum Amsterdam.PO BOX 74888.1070 DN Amsterdam, The Netherlands.+31 206747000.&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;Opnamedatum: 2010-01-04&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Opnamedatum: 2010-01-04\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Opnamedatum: 2010-01-04&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Comenius.jpeg?fit=260%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Comenius.jpeg?fit=625%2C720&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Comenius.jpeg?resize=512%2C590&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Comenius\" class=\"wp-image-1790\" width=\"512\" height=\"590\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Comenius.jpeg?w=625&amp;ssl=1 625w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Comenius.jpeg?resize=260%2C300&amp;ssl=1 260w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>The great Czech educational reformer, philosopher, pastor and theologian, John Amos Comenius, sometimes called the father of modern education, represents the next stage in the history of narration. The opening statement of his stunning work on the philosophy of education <em>Didactica Magna<\/em> or <em>The Great Didactic<\/em> promises much in terms that are familiar to advocates of narration:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cLet the main object of this, our Didactic, be as follows : To seek and to find a method of instruction, by which teachers may teach less, but learners may learn more; by which schools may be the scene of less noise, aversion, and useless labour, but of more leisure, enjoyment, and solid progress ; and through which the Christian community may have less darkness, perplexity, and dissension, but on the other hand more light, orderliness, peace, and rest.\u201d<\/p><cite>John Amos Comenius, preface to <em>The Great Didactic<\/em><\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Charlotte Mason found in <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">narration<\/a> an ideal \u201cmethod\u201d for attaining Comenius\u2019 golden key of education: teachers teaching less and learners learning more. Of course, the extent to which Comenius anticipated Charlotte Mason, or Mason followed Comenius, is an area ripe for more study, at least for me.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My Head of School Dave Seibel and I are planning to read Comenius\u2019 <em>Great Didactic <\/em>together starting this January to see what we will make of it. Classical Academic Press also has a short introduction to Comenius in their <em><a href=\"https:\/\/classicalacademicpress.com\/collections\/giants-in-the-history-of-education\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Giants in the History of Education<\/a> <\/em>series, which I plan to purchase and read as well. But I already know from Karen Glass that Comenius recommended that \u201cevery pupil should acquire the habit of acting as a teacher. This will happen if, after the teacher has fully demonstrated and expounded something, the pupil himself is immediately required to give a satisfactory demonstration and exposition of the same thing in the same manner\u201d (as qtd in Glass, <em>Know and Tell<\/em>, 16). Glass quotes from another of Comenius\u2019 works <em>The Analytical Didactic<\/em> (trans. Vladimir Jelinek; Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953; 193), in which Comenius \u201creinterpreted the principle of nature that he had described in <em>The Great Didactic<\/em> as a principle of logic\u201d (John E. Sadler, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/biography\/John-Amos-Comenius\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">\u201cJohn Amos Comenius\u201d in Encyclopedia Britannica<\/a>; accessed January, 2021).&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>As stated, Comenius\u2019 variant on narration embodies the golden key of his <em>Great Didactic<\/em> by turning the student into the teacher after a teacher\u2019s \u201cdemonstration\u201d or \u201cexposition\u201d. It thus follows Erasmus in focusing on a spoken lecture or explanation by the teacher rather than a text. The new development present in Comenius is to emphasize the ironic transformation of student into teacher. Chris Perrin of Classical Academic Press has referred to this pedagogical idea as the classical principle <em>Docendo Discimus<\/em> (\u201cBy teaching we learn\u201d) in his course <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.classicalu.com\/course\/intro-to-classical-ed\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Introduction to Classical Education<\/a><\/em>. (I wonder where Perrin himself derived this Latin phrase from\u2026. Was it from Comenius or an earlier thinker in the tradition? Or is it a phrase he himself quipped to represent a traditional conception?) Similarly, I have often referred to the <strong>classical principle of self-education<\/strong>, citing Charlotte Mason\u2019s quip that there is no education but self-education and Dorothy Sayers\u2019s remarks about students learning how to learn in \u201cThe Lost Tools of Learning\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I am confident that more remains to be said on Comenius and narration, but I have not as yet been able to procure the rarer work that Karen Glass quoted from (though a used copy is now in my Amazon shopping cart). However, for now we can conclude that in Comenius\u2019 hands narration of the teacher\u2019s lecture became the mechanism for learners learning more and teachers teaching less. The <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">narration<\/a> most likely occurred orally, given the internal logic of the student becoming the teacher, but we cannot be sure without looking closer at the context.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/downloads\/narration-2-0-webinar-recording\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2783\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/webinars\/copy-of-narration-2-0-ad\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad.png?fit=1080%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad.png?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad.png?fit=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad.png?resize=571%2C571&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2783\" width=\"571\" height=\"571\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/03\/Copy-of-Narration-2.0-Ad.png?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 571px) 100vw, 571px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Narration\u2019s Rebirth, Stage 3: John Locke (1632-1704)<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large is-resized\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1788\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/01\/02\/why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-3-narrations-rebirth\/800px-john_locke\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-John_Locke.jpg?fit=800%2C925&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,925\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"800px-John_Locke\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-John_Locke.jpg?fit=259%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-John_Locke.jpg?fit=800%2C925&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-John_Locke.jpg?resize=426%2C493&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1788\" width=\"426\" height=\"493\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-John_Locke.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-John_Locke.jpg?resize=259%2C300&amp;ssl=1 259w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/800px-John_Locke.jpg?resize=768%2C888&amp;ssl=1 768w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 426px) 100vw, 426px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>John Locke represents a final and perhaps unconnected stage in narration\u2019s rebirth. To suppose that he did not engage with either his partial contemporary Comenius, or with the famous Erasmus, would probably be going too far. But his early modern Enlightenment philosophy no doubt registered itself in his treatise, <em>Some Thoughts Concerning Education<\/em> (Hackett, 1996; orig. published 1693). I have already expressed my view elsewhere that he, like Erasmus, was directly dependent on Quintilian (see the author\u2019s <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.circeinstitute.org\/store\/books\/classical-guide-narration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Classical Guide to Narration<\/a><\/em>; CiRCE, 2020; p. 96, n. 122). So his recommendations on the topic are best categorized as a part of narration\u2019s renaissance or rebirth.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For Locke narration is the solution to a problem with the \u201cclassical\u201d education of his day. He begins his section on rhetoric and logic with a defense for speaking so little of them up to this point in his treatise:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cThe reason is because of the little advantage young people receive by them. For I have seldom or never observed anyone to get the skill of reasoning well or speaking handsomely by studying those rules which pretend to teach it; and therefore I would have a young gentleman take a view of them in the shortest systems [that] could be found without dwelling long on the contemplation and study of those formalities. Right reasoning is founded on something else than the <em>predicaments<\/em> and <em>predicables<\/em>, and does not consist in talking in <em>mode<\/em> and <em>figure<\/em> itself.\u201d (140)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.circeinstitute.org\/store\/books\/classical-guide-narration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1646\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/24\/classical-roots-of-narration\/narr_store-1\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/narr_store-1.jpg?fit=400%2C550&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"400,550\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"narr_store-1\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/narr_store-1.jpg?fit=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/narr_store-1.jpg?fit=400%2C550&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/narr_store-1.jpg?resize=268%2C368&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1646\" width=\"268\" height=\"368\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/narr_store-1.jpg?w=400&amp;ssl=1 400w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/10\/narr_store-1.jpg?resize=218%2C300&amp;ssl=1 218w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 268px) 100vw, 268px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>In objecting to \u201crules\u201d rather than practice, Locke continues a theme that he has already established in the book about <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/12\/21\/marketing-manipulations-and-true-classroom-leadership\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">training young children by habit<\/a> rather than memorized rules. In <em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.circeinstitute.org\/store\/books\/classical-guide-narration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Classical Guide to Narration<\/a><\/em> I pointed out that this error of the \u201cclassical\u201d training of Locke\u2019s day amounts to a misunderstanding of the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2018\/07\/20\/the-classical-distinction-between-an-art-and-a-science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">classical distinction between an art and a science<\/a>:&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cThe rhetoric teachers of Locke\u2019s day had been treating the art of rhetoric as if it were a science that could be mastered through acquiring knowledge about the art: various names of figures of speech and rules for types of speeches. But without the facility with with language based in practice and cultivated habits, all of it was useless! (<em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.circeinstitute.org\/store\/books\/classical-guide-narration\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A Classical Guide to Narration<\/a><\/em>, 96)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Of course, this antagonism toward logic and rhetoric might make John Locke seem anti-classical in his philosophy of education. But this would be a misunderstanding. Locke is simply endorsing the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2019\/02\/01\/renaissance-education-looking-to-the-past-to-chart-a-course-for-education-today\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">renaissance humanist stream<\/a> of classical education over the encrusted scholasticism of the late medieval era. He was refocusing attention on the great authors of the past (<em>ad fontes<\/em>) and on imitation of worthy models. As he goes on to say,&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cIf you would have your son <em>reason well<\/em>, let him read Chillingworth [an Oxford scholar and churchman, who was a skillful debater, mathematician and theologian]; and if you would have him speak well, let him be conversant in Tully [Marcus Tullius Cicero, the great Roman orator and statesman] to give him the true <em>idea<\/em> of <em>eloquence<\/em>, and let him read those things that are well written in English to perfect his style in the purity of our language.\u201d (140)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Developing the arts of reasoning and eloquence, for Locke, come by reading the right authors to provide <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2018\/11\/02\/the-role-of-ideas-in-education\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ideas<\/a> and models of proper thought and speech. But it also comes by practice, as he says later:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"alignright size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-habit-training\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"1578\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/09\/19\/handwork-fostering-excellence-through-the-habit-of-creating\/sm-post-for-habit-training-ebook\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook.png?fit=1080%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook.png?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook.png?fit=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook-1024x1024.png?resize=342%2C342&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-1578\" width=\"342\" height=\"342\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/09\/SM-post-for-Habit-Training-eBook.png?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 342px) 100vw, 342px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cThey have been taught <em>rhetoric<\/em> but yet never taught how to express themselves handsomely with their tongues or pens in the language they are always to use: as if the names of the figures that embellished the discourses of those who understood the art of speaking were the very art and skill of speaking well. This, as all other things of practice, is to be learned not by a few, or a great many rules given, but by exercise and application according to good rules, or rather patterns, till habits are got and a facility of doing it well.\u201d (141)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Locke\u2019s point accords well with the modern research on elite performance that Anders Erikson and others have brought to light in delineating the value of <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2018\/09\/21\/deliberate-practice\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">deliberate practice<\/a> (as well as near proxies like purposeful practice) for acquiring high level skill. The <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2018\/07\/20\/the-classical-distinction-between-an-art-and-a-science\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">arts are complex skills<\/a> and are best trained through coached practice, not mere comprehension of concepts, however true and inspiring.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Locke\u2019s narration recommendations remarkably embody the principles of effective practice, including the importance of critical feedback, specific focused efforts on improving one aspect of performance at a time, and systematic development of mental models. The entire passage is worth sharing here:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>\u201cAgreeable hereunto, perhaps it might not be amiss to make children, as soon as they are capable of it, often to tell a story of anything they know, and to correct at first the most remarkable fault they are guilty of in their way of putting it together. When that fault is cured, then to show them the next, and so on, till one after another all, at least the gross ones, are mended. When they can tell tales pretty well, then it may be time to make them write them. The <em>Fables<\/em> of Aesop, the only book almost that I know fit for children, may afford them matter for this exercise of writing English, as well as for reading and translating to enter them in the Latin tongue. When they are got past the faults of grammar and can join in a continued coherent discourse the several parts of a story without bald and unhandsome forms of transition (as is usual) often repeated, he that desires to perfect them yet farther in this, which is the first step to speaking well and needs no invention, may have recourse to Tully and, by putting in practice those rules which that master of eloquence gives in his First Book <em>De Inventione<\/em> \u00a720, make them know wherein the skill and graces of a handsome narrative, according to the several subjects and designs of it, lie.\u201d (141-142)<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>Like Quintilian, Locke begins with young children telling stories, though he is content for them to tell \u201canything they know\u201d at first, as the tutor or parent simply plays the role of coach: correcting one fault at a time, as the child practices telling again and again. Instead of <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">focusing narration on the content<\/a> to be learned, like Erasmus and Comenius, Locke has brought into sharp relief the skill of story-telling and the fluency of speaking gained thereby. While he does recommend Aesop\u2019s fables, like Quintilian, the shift to written narrations form the main focus, and fixing the student\u2019s \u201cfaults of grammar\u201d and \u201cbald and unhandsome forms of transition\u201d is his main concern.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In essence, Locke has restored narration as the foundation stone of <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/12\/05\/training-the-prophetic-voice-part-6-classical-rhetoric-for-the-modern-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">rhetorical training<\/a>, rather than as a method for learning content in any subject. Narration is, for him, the backbone of an English gentleman\u2019s practical skill in speaking and writing that will equip him for the duties of his life. Daily practice in imitating classic authors and especially in learning to write letters (\u201cThe writing of letters has so much to do in all the occurrences of human life that no gentleman can avoid showing himself in this kind of writing.\u201d) form the bedrock requirements for his education (142).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Readers who are familiar with <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/charlotte-mason\/charlotte-masons-practice-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Charlotte Mason\u2019s practice of narration<\/a> alone may be surprised by some of these different applications of narration. Whether it\u2019s narrating from a teacher\u2019s lecture, or correcting the faults in a student\u2019s narration with a focus on skill rather than content, narration\u2019s rebirth through Erasmus, Comenius and Locke defies the standard assumptions of Charlotte Mason\u2019s practice of it. After all, Charlotte Mason seems to almost exclusively envision students narrating from texts without stylistic corrections but a primary focus on content. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In the next and final article in this series, we\u2019ll compare Charlotte Mason\u2019s pedagogy of narration with its <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/24\/classical-roots-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">classical roots<\/a> and its renaissance rebirth. Our aim will be to distill some further conclusions for educators today, both practically in terms of how we should use narration in our 21st century context, but also philosophically in what this all means for the <a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/03\/why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-1-charlotte-masons-discovery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">classical Christian education and Charlotte Mason movements<\/a> today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large is-resized\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Short-History-Narration-Historical-Perspective\/dp\/B09VWRWVG5\/ref=sr_1_2?crid=30SSIY5CUG23H&amp;keywords=a+short+history+of+narration&amp;qid=1648313903&amp;s=books&amp;sprefix=%2Cstripbooks%2C205&amp;sr=1-2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"2724\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/edren-books\/copy-of-black-and-white-filter-and-friends-biking-life-quotes-4\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4.png?fit=1080%2C1080&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1080,1080\" data-comments-opened=\"1\" data-image-meta=\"{&quot;aperture&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;credit&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;camera&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;caption&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;created_timestamp&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;copyright&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;focal_length&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;iso&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;shutter_speed&quot;:&quot;0&quot;,&quot;title&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;orientation&quot;:&quot;0&quot;}\" data-image-title=\"Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4.png?fit=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4.png?fit=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4.png?resize=496%2C496&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-2724\" width=\"496\" height=\"496\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4.png?resize=1024%2C1024&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4.png?resize=300%2C300&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4.png?resize=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4.png?resize=768%2C768&amp;ssl=1 768w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/educationalrenaissance.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/02\/Copy-of-Black-and-White-Filter-and-Friends-Biking-Life-Quotes-4.png?w=1080&amp;ssl=1 1080w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 496px) 100vw, 496px\" \/><\/a><figcaption>Buy the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Joy-Learning-Finding-Classical-Education\/dp\/B089CWR8W3\/ref=sr_1_1?dchild=1&amp;keywords=The+Joy+of+Learning%3A+Finding+Flow+Through+Classical+Education&amp;qid=1609592240&amp;sr=8-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">book on Amazon<\/a>!<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Other articles in this series:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/03\/why-the-history-of-narration-matters-part-1-charlotte-masons-discovery\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Part 1: Charlotte Mason\u2019s Discovery?<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2020\/10\/24\/classical-roots-of-narration\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Part 2: Classical Roots<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/educationalrenaissance.com\/2021\/01\/23\/history-narration-charlotte-mason\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Part 4: Charlotte Mason\u2019s Practice of Narration in Historical Perspective<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In my previous two articles I framed my discussion of the history of narration with the controversy between Charlotte Mason and classical Christian education advocates. I suggested that narration\u2019s history may be a fact that puts to rest the false dichotomies of either side. While Charlotte Mason did claim discovery of certain principles related to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":1786,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"nf_dc_page":"","_uag_custom_page_level_css":"","_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2}},"categories":[38],"tags":[11,399,398,397,140,86,371,23,101,297,117,27,267,171],"class_list":["post-1785","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-history-of-education","tag-charlotte-mason","tag-composition","tag-desiderius-erasmus","tag-john-amos-comenius","tag-john-locke","tag-learning","tag-lecture","tag-liberal-arts","tag-narration","tag-renaissance","tag-retrieval-practice","tag-rhetoric","tag-teaching","tag-writing"],"yoast_head":"<!-- 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